Measuring Individual Argon Atoms Helps In Understanding Ocean Ventilation

The circulation of the world's oceans is of great importance for life in the ocean as well as for the global climate system. For future climate prognoses, it is important to understand not only how deep water is supplied with fresh oxygen but also how quickly and in what quantities the oceans absorb human-generated CO₂ greenhouse gas from the air. To do that requires knowing the age of the deep water. How long does it take for water from the surface to reach a specific location in the ocean's interior? For periods of up to around 50 years, there are multiple dating methods. But for older water – and hence most of the ocean – there has been no optimal dating method until now, the Heidelberg researchers emphasise.

The rare radioactive isotope ³⁹Ar of the noble gas argon (Ar) is used for dating. With a half-life of 269 years, it is especially suitable for the 50- to 1,000-year range. This period of time is critical for understanding the movement of surface water into the deep ocean. But there is only a single atom of the sought-after ³⁹Ar isotope in a thousand billion (1015) argon atoms in the atmosphere and surface water. How many of these isotopes can still be detected in deep water that has had no contact with the atmosphere for some time? Until now, answering this question required substantial effort and an enormous sample size. The Heidelberg researchers have now adapted a fundamentally new measurement method, Atom Trap Trace Analysis (ATTA), especially for ³⁹Ar.

Using this method, the research group led by Prof. Dr Markus Oberthaler at the Kirchhoff Institute for Physics was able to reduce the sample size needed for dating from the minimum of 1,000 litres of water to five. “Unlike with conventional methods, we do not wait for the isotope to spontaneously decay to capture it; we slow the atoms down using modern laser technology, capture them in atom traps, and selectively count individual atoms,” explains Dr Sven Ebser, the study's primary author. Each isotope responds to minimally different laser light, which the physicists use to their advantage in this process. This slight effect in the wavelength is enough to “manipulate” and detect the desired 39Ar atoms while all the other atoms can freely pass through atom trap unobserved.

“The ³⁹Ar method was available for our work only because of the greatly reduced sample size,” explains oceanographer Dr Toste Tanhua of the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research. As the pilot study off the Cape Verde Islands demonstrated, the method enables the researchers to identify much more precisely when a water sample last had contact with the atmosphere. This provides new insights into the movement of trace substances in the ocean. In the area studied at depths between 1,000 and 2,000 metres, for instance, there was considerably less mixing than assumed. The calculations indicate that more CO₂ is being absorbed from the atmosphere than previously thought. “I am sure that a global ³⁹Ar data set will lead to entirely new discoveries about ocean circulation and the ‘respiration’ of the world's oceans,” states Dr Tanhua.

“The new method of measurement will benefit not only ocean research but groundwater and ice research as well,” adds Prof. Dr Werner Aeschbach of the Institute for Environmental Physics at Heidelberg University. According to Prof. Oberthaler, the project is an excellent example of how basic research in atomic physics can lead to discoveries in initially totally unrelated fields. The German Research Foundation is funding the development of atom trap measurement technology as part of the "New Instrumentation for Research" programme.

Reference:

Ebser, S., A. Kersting, T. Stöven, Z. Feng, L. Ringena, M. Schmidt, T. Tanhua, W. Aeschbach and M. K. Oberthaler, 2018: ³⁹Ar dating with small samples provides new key constraints on ocean ventilation.Nature Communications, 9, 5046, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07465-7